In 1825, the British Hudson’s Bay Company established a fur-trading camp at Fort Vancouver, across the Columbia River from modern-day Portland. Shortly after Lewis and Clark led their historic expedition along the Columbia River, New Yorker John Jacob Astor founded the Pacific Fur Trading Company in 1810 and set an expedition to establish Fort Astoria in what is now Astoria, Oregon. The global interest in the North American fur trade preceded the arrival of the Pilgrims, and European traders relied heavily upon native people to “provide furs and hides as well as food, equipment, interpreters, guides, and protection.” By the early 19th century, fur trading had made its way to what is now Oregon. Meet Loretta Guzman, owner of Bison Coffeehouse in Northeast Portland, the city’s only Native-owned coffee shop. Many artifacts of Northwest tribes are on display at Portland Art Museum’s Center for Native American Art, and the region is home to numerous Native makers, artists, businesses and cultural sites. It is a testament to the resiliency of Indigenous peoples that Portland’s urban Native community now includes nearly 70,000 people from nearly 400 tribes.
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The Indian Removal Act of 1830 and Oregon Donation Land Act of 1850 forcibly removed these tribes and offered free land to white settlers, who quickly laid claim to 2.5 million acres of tribal land, including all of what is now Portland. These groups created communities and summer encampments along the Columbia and Willamette rivers and harvested and used the plentiful natural resources of the area for thousands of years. The Portland metro area rests on traditional village sites of the Multnomah, Wasco, Cowlitz, Kathlamet, Clackamas, Bands of Chinook, Tualatin Kalapuya, Molalla and many other tribes. Oregon’s population was largely Native American until relatively recently. To understand the history of Portland, Oregon, it is critical to look back to the original inhabitants of this region.
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